科技改變生活 · 科技引領未來
科技改變生活 · 科技引領未來
視頻加載中...
Hi, everybody.
嗨，大家好。
Welcome back to www. engvid. com. I&39;m Adam.
歡迎回到www.engvid.com。我是Adam。
In today&39;s video we&39;re going to look at the prepositions: &34;by&34; and &34;until&34;.
在今天的視頻中，我們將看到介詞：&34;by&34; 和&34;until&34; 。
We&39;re going to look at the differences between them, and how to use them, and what specific meanings they each have.
我們來看看它們之間的區別，以及如何使用它們，它們各自有什么特殊含義。
We&39;re also going to look at the expression: &34;by the time&34;, as another way of using &34;by&34; or whatever situation, and this one: &34;no ________ than&34;.
我們也會看到這個短語：“到時候”，作為另一種使用 &34;by&34; 或任何情況的方式，而這一點：“沒有什么比”。
Now, the reason why I left this blank is because you can actually put quite a few words in there.
現在，我之所以留這個空白是因為你實際上可以填寫很多詞。
We&39;re going to look specifically at: &34;no later than&34; to replace &34;by&34; and &34;until&34;, but for now I want you to also understand that there&39;s other uses for it, and I&39;ll give you some examples of those.
我們將具體地看一下：“不遲于”取代“由”和“直到”，但現在我想讓你們也明白，還有其他的用法，我會給你們一些例子。
Now, before I start I will say Emma did a very good lesson about &34;by&34; and &34;until&34;.
現在，在開始之前，我想說艾瑪對&34;by&34;和&34;to&34;上了很好的一課。
Mine is a little bit different because I&39;m going to show you some other situations where you will use one or the other.
我的有點不同，因為我要給你們展示會用到的一些其他的情況。
Okay?
好嗎？
So we&39;re going to start by figuring out: What&39;s the difference between these two?
所以我們首先要搞清楚：這兩者有什么區別？
So look at our example sentences.
看看我們的例句。
I&39;ll get to our little time map in a second.
我一會兒就到我們的小時間圖上去。
&34;I&39;ll be at the office until noon.&34;,&34;I&39;ll be at the office by noon.&34;
“我會在辦公室呆到中午。”，“中午之前我會在辦公室。”
Now, first of all, let&39;s assume the average workday is about. . .
現在，首先，讓我們假設平均工作日是…
Is from 9 until about 5 o&39;clock, but I have some. . .
從9點到五點左右，但是我有一些…
I have some meetings in the afternoon so I will have to leave the office.
下午我有一些會議，所以我必須離開辦公室。
But if you want to meet with me, I&39;ll be there until noon.
但是如果你想和我見面，我會一直呆到中午。
What does that mean?
這意味著什么？
It means that I will arrive at the office at the usual time,9 o&39;clock, and I will stay there.
這意味著我將像平時一樣在九點準時到達辦公室，并且我會待在那。
So my stay at the office will continue until noon.
所以我在辦公室的時間會一直持續到中午。
At noon I will leave.
中午我會離開。
Okay?
對嗎？
So this is when we&39;re using &34;until&34;.
所以這就是我們使用&34;until&34; 的時候。
Now, before I get in. . .
現在，在我進去之前…
Into that again, let&39;s look at the second one.
再看一遍，讓我們看看第二個。
&34;I&39;ll be at the office by noon.&34;So, here, we&39;re looking at somewhere in this time, but not later than noon I will arrive at the office.
“中午之前我會在辦公室。”所以，在這里，我們現在正在看某個地方，但不遲于中午，我會到達辦公室。
Okay?
對嗎？
Now, what&39;s the key difference between these two?
現在，這兩者之間的主要區別是什么？
Well, one, something continues.
嗯，一件事，繼續下去。
An action starts, continues, and it ends at that time mentioned after &34;until&34;.
一個動作開始，繼續，結束于“直到”之后提到的那個時候。
So both of them have an end time.
所以他們都有一個結束時間。
You could even say a deadline, but that&39;s for other uses.
你甚至可以說一個最后期限，但那是有其他的用途。
There&39;s an end time.
有一個結束的時間。
And that end time is noon.
那個結束時間是中午。
Okay?
對嗎？
Something will happen at noon.
中午會發生點什么事。
Now, in the case of &34;by&34;, it could happen before.
現在，在&34;by&34; 的情況下，它可能發生在以前。
In the case of &34;until&34;, only one thing will happen.
在&34;until&34; 的情況下，只有一件事會發生。
But the key to remember: When we use &34;by&34;, we&39;re looking at a finite action.
但要記住關鍵是：當我們使用&34;by&34;時，我們看到的是一個有限的動作。
This arrive is a one-time thing.
這是一次性的事情。
Right?
對嗎？
It&39;ll. . .
它將會…
It can happen here, it could happen here, it could even happen here.
它可能發生在這里，它可能發生在這里，甚至可能發生在這里。
With &34;until&34; only here will I leave.
只有這里用&34;until&34; 我將會離開。
Okay?
好嗎？
Now, what&39;s the difference, another difference that we have to think about?
現在，有什么不同，我們需要考慮的另一個差異？
Is not only the continuance of an action and the finite situation of an action; here, we&39;re looking at something ending.
不僅是行為的延續，也是行動的有限情形；在這里，我們正在尋找結局。
My time at the office will end.
我在辦公室的時間將要結束。
Here, something can end or start.
在這里，一些東西可以結束或開始。
So if you want to meet me, I&39;ll be in the office by noon, so you can meet me from noon until 5.
如果你想見我，我中午之前會在辦公室，所以從中午到5點你可以來見我。
So the start time, the earliest time you can meet me is noon.
所以開始的時間，你能遇見我的最早的時間是中午。
The latest time you can meet me is just before noon because I&39;m leaving at noon.
你能遇見我的最遲的時間是剛好在中午之前，因為我正午會離開。
Right?
對嗎？
So that&39;s one thing to keep in mind.
所以這是我們要記住的一件事。
The. . .
這個。。。
Basically the implied situation.
基本上隱含的情況。
Now: &34;I&39;ll be at the office by noon and I&39;ll stay until 5.&34;
現在：“中午之前我會在辦公室，我會一直呆到5點。”
You can use both of them in one sentence.
你可以把它們都用在一個句子里。
Sometime in here I&39;ll arrive, and then from 12 till 5,
有時我會到這里，然后從12點到5點，
I&39;ll be at the office.
我會在辦公室。
So, what&39;s the key?
那么，關鍵是什么呢？
Now I hope you basically notice this.
現在我希望你們基本上都能注意到這一點。
What&39;s the key difference in these two sentences, is it the preposition?
這兩個句子的主要區別是什么？是介詞嗎？
Yes.
是的。
Different prepositions, different meanings.
不同的介詞，不同的意義。
But what I hope you realize is that the difference is in the verb &34;be&34;.
但我希望你們認識到，不同之處在于動詞&34;be&34;。
Why?
為什么呢？
What does &34;be&34; mean here, and what does &34;be&34; mean here?
這里的&34;be&34;是什么意思，這里的&34;be&34;又是什么意思？
&34;Be. . . I&39;ll be at the office until. . . Until noon&34;, means I will stay at the office until noon.
“是……我會在辦公室一直待到…直到中午”，意味著我將在辦公室待到中午。
So this situation will continue.
因此，這種情況將繼續下去。
Here,&34;be&34; means arrive.
這里，&34;be&34;意思是到達。
&34;I will arrive at the office by noon.&34;So, one point here in this time. . .
“中午前我會到達辦公室。”所以，這里有一點…
Timeframe I guess you could call it, something will happen.
我想你可以稱之為時間框架，有些事將要發生。
Continued, finite.
連續的，有限的。
&34;Finite&34; means it&39;s a one-time action and that&39;s it, it&39;s finished.
“有限”意味著它是一次性的動作，就這樣，它完成了。
So that&39;s a very important thing to remember with &34;by&34;.
所以記住用&34;by&34; 是一個非常重要的事情。
Okay?
好嗎？
&34;By&34;, and we also think about: &34;at&34;,&34;on&34;, or &34;before&34;.
&34;By&34;，我們也會想到：&34;at&34;,&34;on&34;,或者&34;before&34;。
So,&34;at&34; for time.
所以，&34;at&34;用于時間。
This is a little review of prepositions.
這是對介詞的一點復習。
&34;At 5 o&39;clock&34;,&34;on Friday&34;,&34;on day&34;, so: &34;At 5 o&39;clock or before.&34;,
“在五點鐘”，“在星期五”，“在白天”，所以：“在五點或之前。”，
&34;At noon or before.&34;,&34;On Friday or before.&34;Okay?
“在中午或之前，”“在星期五或之前”，好嗎？
&34;Until&34;. . .
“直到”…
Now, we don&39;t use this preposition &34;to&34;, but something continues to the end time.
現在，我們不使用這個介詞&34;to&34;，但有些東西會持續到最后的時間。
Okay?
好嗎？
So that&39;s one way. . .
所以這是一種方式…
Another way of thinking about these two in terms of: What&39;s the difference?
另一種思維方式的兩個主要方面：有什么差別嗎？
&34;By&34; or &34;before&34; continue &34;to&34;.
&34;By&34;或者&34;before&34;繼續到&34;to&34;.
Okay?
好嗎？
We&39;re going to look at a few more samples, and you&39;ll get a better idea of when to use &34;by&34;, when to use &34;until&34;.
我們再多看幾個例子，你會更好地了解何時使用&34;by&34;，何時使用&34;until&34;。
Okay, so let&39;s look at some more examples and I want to come back to this idea of finite actions.
好的，讓我們再看幾個例子，我想回到這個有限行動的想法。
Okay?
好嗎？
&34;Finish&34; is a finite action.
“完成”是一個有限的動作。
Now, just to clarify, again: What does &34;finite&34; mean?
現在，再澄清一下：“有限”是什么意思？
It means it&39;s a very limited time.
這意味著這是一個非常有限的時間。
It doesn&39;t go on for a long time.
這種情況不會持續很長時間。
So if you&39;re going to finish your homework, it means last question answered, done, finished.
所以，如果你要完成你的家庭作業，那意味著最后一個問題的回答，做完，完成。
You can&39;t be finishing for a long time because the verb &34;finish&34; doesn&39;t extend; it&39;s done or it&39;s not done.
你不能完成很長一段時間，因為動詞“完成”沒有擴展；已經完成了，還是沒有完成。
Right?
對嗎？
So: &34;I&39;ll finish my homework until 5.&34;Now, a lot of people will say this, they will write this, but technically it&39;s not correct.
所以：“我會在5點之前完成我的作業。”現在，很多人會這樣說，他們會寫這個，但技術上是不正確的。
&34;I&39;ll finish my homework by 5.&34; is okay because it&39;s a one-time situation and it&39;ll happen at 5 or before, at some point in that time.
“我將在5點之前完成作業。”還好，因為它是一次性的情況，它會發生在5或之前，在那個時候的某個時間點。
So, how would you fix the first sentence?
那么，第一個句子是怎么處理的呢？
Two ways.
兩種方式。
One: &34;I&39;ll finish my homework at 5.&34;That&39;s one way.
一個是：“我5點完成作業。”這是一個辦法。
If you know you&39;re going to be done at 5 you can say that.
如果你知道你將在5點完成，你可以這么說。
But the better thing to do is to change the verb, make it a non-finite verb.
但最好的辦法是改變動詞，讓它成為一個非謂語動詞。
&34;I&39;ll work on my homework until 5.&34;Means work, work, work, time goes on, work, work, work, time goes on,5 o&39;clock, okay, I&39;m done.
“我要寫作業到5點。”意思是工作，工作，工作，時間繼續，工作，工作，工作，時間繼續，五點，好了，我做完了。
Finished, not finished, not important.
完成了，沒有完成，不重要。
If you finished, great.
如果你完成了，很好。
If you didn&39;t finish, that&39;s fine. 5 o&39;clock is your end time, then you will finish later if you didn&39;t finish by 5.
如果你沒有完成，也沒事。五點是你的結束時間，如果你沒有在5點完成的話，之后你會很快完成的。
Okay.
好的。
Now, another thing to keep in mind: We can use both prepositions with any tense.
現在，另一件事要牢記：我們可以在任何時態使用兩個介詞。
You can talk about the past, you can talk about the future.
你可以談論過去，你可以談論未來。
But when we&39;re using perfect tenses, we use the &34;by&34; preposition.
但是，當我們使用完成時態時，我們用的介詞是&34;by&34;。
Let&39;s look at examples.
讓我們來看一下例子。
&34;I&39;ll have completed my tasks by 5 o&39;clock.&34;&34;Will have completed&34;, this is your future perfect.
“我將在五點之前完成我的任務。”“已經完成”。這是你的將來完成時。
The future perfect often makes use of &34;by&34;.
將來完成時常常使用&34;by&34;。
Okay?
對嗎？
We can also talk about the past perfect.
我們也可以談一談過去完成時。
Now, here, I&39;m starting to introduce: &34;By the time&34;.
現在，在這里，我要開始介紹：“到時候”。
&34;By the time&34; has the exact same use or the exact same function as &34;by&34;, except that now instead of saying: &34;By 5 o&39;clock&34;,&34;By Tuesday&34;,&34;By next year&34;, I&39;m giving you a more general time.
“到時候”具有與&34;by&34;完全相同的用法或完全相同的功能，除了那個，現在不再是說：“到五點”，“到星期二”，“到明年”，我將要給你一個更一般的時間。
And then I&39;m identifying that time.
然后我在確定那個時間。
Right?
對嗎？
So I can be more generic. . .
所以我可以更一般化…
General.
普遍。
I can say anything.
我能說什么。
&34;By the time we&39;re through&34;, I don&39;t have to give you a specific time,
“到我們結束的時候”，我不必給你一個特定的時間，
I can give you a specific situation.
我可以給你一個具體的情境。
&34;By the time he arrived&34;, so now the time is when this action happened.
“在他到達的時候”，現在是行動的時候了。
What time of the day?
一天幾點？
I don&39;t know.
我不知道。
Not important.
那不重要。
&34;By the time he arrived&34;, so I have my adjective clause to identify the time, and then I have my next clause: &34;She had already left.&34;So, because at this time he arrived. . .
“他到達的時候”，所以我有我的定語從句來確定時間，然后我有了下一句：“她已經走了。”因為，這時他到了…
&34;By this time&34; means at this time or before.
“此時”意味著此時此刻。
Right?
對嗎？
So if it happened before,
如果以前發生過，
I must use the past perfect to show the relationship in time.
我必須用過去完成時來表達時間的關系。
Okay?
好嗎？
By the time he arrived, she had already left.
當他到達時，她已經走了。
&34;I&39;ll have completed my tasks by 5 o&39;clock.&34;So 5 o&39;clock, they&39;re done.
“我五點之前就完成任務了。”所以五點，他們做完了。
Okay.
好的。
Let&39;s look at &34;until&34; just to show you there could be past, or present, future, etc. &34;She waited in the lobby until he arrived.&34;So she waited, waited, waited, waited, waited.
讓我們來看看&34;until&34;只是想讓你知道過去,現在或未來，等等。“她在大廳里等著，直到他來。”于是她等，等，等，等，等。
Oh, there he is.
哦，他在那兒。
So, again, you don&39;t have to use a specific time.
所以，再有，你不必使用特定的時間。
You can use an actual clause, and then there. . .
你可以使用一個實際子句，然后在那里…
This is therefore a clause marker, an adverb clause marker, subordinate clause.
這是一個子句標記，副詞子句標記，從句。
&34;Until he arrives, she. . .&34;&34;She can&34;, this is an &34;n&34;. &34;. . . she can wait in the lobby. Until he arrives, she can. . .&34; so we have a present.
“直到他到達，她……”“她可以“，這是一個&34;n&34; 。“……她可以在大廳里等。直到他到達，她才能……”所以我們有一個現在時。
&34;Until he arrives,&34; keep in mind this is still an adverb clause now we&39;re looking at.
“直到他來，”請記住，這仍然是副詞從句，現在我們來看。
You can&39;t use &34;by&34; as a clause marker, as an adverb clause, but you can use: &34;By the time&34; with an adjective clause or &34;until&34; with an adverb clause.
你不能用“be”作為子句標記，作為副詞子句，但你可以用：“到時候”跟定語從句或者“直到”跟副詞子句。
&34;Until he arrives, she will wait in the lobby.&34;Present simple, future.
“直到他到達，她會在大廳里等著。”一般現在時，未來時。
Again, think about when.
再想一想什么時候。
When he arrives, she will have been waiting in the thing for five hours.
當他到達的時候，她已經等了五個小時了。
You can also use the perfect with &34;until&34;, but then you have to specify the time period.
你也可以用“直到”表達完成時，但另一方面是你必須指定時間段。
When you&39;re using perfect, go with the &34;by&34;, more common.
當你使用完成式時，與&34;by&34;一起，更常見。
Use &34;until&34; as an adverb clause conjunction.
使用&34;until&34; 作為副詞從句連詞。
That&39;s another big difference between these two.
這是兩者之間的另一大區別。
&34;By&34; always a preposition.
&34;By&34; 總是作為一個介詞。
&34;Until&34; can be a preposition or a conjunction for an adverb clause, so that&39;s important to understand as well.
&34;Until&34; 可以是副詞子句的介詞或連詞，所以理解也是很重要的。
So now we&39;re going to look at expressions that we can use to replace these in case we&39;re ever not sure.
所以現在我們來看看可以用來替換的這些表達，以防我們不確定。
Okay?
好嗎？
Okay, so let&39;s do a little bit of review before we look at some other expressions.
好的。因此，讓我們做一些復習，然后再看一些其他的表達方式。
Before I want to do anything else, actually, I want to mention &34;until&34;.
在我想做任何事情之前，實際上，我想提到&34;until&34;。
You might notice in many situations people using the word &34;till&34; or sometimes they&39;ll use like an abbreviation: &34;&39;til&34;.
你可能注意到在很多情況下，人們使用&34;till&34;這個詞，有時他們會用縮寫：&34;&39;til&34;。
&34;Till&34; is a little more common,&34;&39;til&34; is a bit more common in American English.
&34;Till&34; 有點常見，&34;&39;til&34; 在美式英語中更為常見。
Personally, there&39;s only one letter difference, like one, two, three, four;one, two, three, four, five.
就個人而言，只有一個字母差異，比如一，二，三，四；一，二，三，四，五。
Just write &34;until&34;.
就只寫&34;until&34;。
If you&39;re not sure, use &34;until&34; in your writing.
如果你不確定，在你的寫作中就使用&34;until&34; 。
In spoken English: &34;till&34;,&34;&39;til&34;, both okay.
在口語中：&34;till&34;,&34;&39;til&34;,都可以。
In written English go with &34;until&34;.
用書面英語中用&34;until&34; 。
Now, let&39;s review this: &34;By the time&34;.
現在，讓我們回顧一下：“到時候”。
We use &34;by the time&34; plus an adjective clause to identify which time.
我們用“到時候”加形容詞子句來確定哪一個時間。
So we can have two options.
所以我們可以有兩種選擇。
I can say: &34;By the end of the lesson. . .&34;, like let&39;s say we&39;re having a lesson now, so: &34;By the end of this lesson, you will have learned about &39;by&39;, &39;until&39;.&34;
我可以說：“到課的最后……”比如說，我們現在正在上課，所以：“在這節課結束的時候，你會學到&39;by&39; ,&39;until&39; 。”
Or: &34;By the time&34;-which time? -&34;that we are done, you will have learned about &39;by&39; and &39;until&39;.&34;So, there are two ways to use &34;by&34;.
或者：“到時候”——哪一次？-“我們已經完成了，你會學到‘通過’和‘直到’。”所以，有兩種方法使用&34;by&34; 。
The thing to remember is when you use: &34;By the time&34;, make sure to identify which time.
要記住的是，當你使用：“到時候”，務必確定哪個時間。
If you have a specific time. . .
如果你有一個特定的時間…
&34;End of the lesson&34; means this particular time when the lesson is finished, and then go on with your next clause saying what will have happened then or before.
“課末”指的是上課結束時的特定時間，然后繼續你的下一句話，說之后會發生什么或之前發生過什么。
Maybe you already understand &34;by&34; and &34;until&34;, in which case, good stuff.
也許你已經理解了“由”和“直到”，在這種情況下，好東西。
Now, another thing I want to look at: &34;I&39;ll be done by 7.&34;,
現在，我想說的另一件事是：“我將在7點之前完成。”，
&34;I&39;ll be done no later than 7.&34;What&39;s the difference in these two meanings?
“我不會遲于7點完成。”這兩個意思有什么區別？
Nothing.
沒有什么。
We can use: &34;no later than&34; as a replacement for &34;by&34;.
我們可以用：“不遲于”作為代替“由”。
Now, why am I showing you this?
現在，為什么我要給你看這個？
If you&39;re ever in a situation where you&39;re writing and you&39;re not exactly sure if you should use &34;by&34; or &34;until&34;, and you don&39;t want to make a mistake, maybe on a test or whatever the situation, here&39;s another option.
如果你曾經處于寫東西的境地，并且你不確定是否應該使用&34;by&34;或&34;until&34;，而且你不想犯錯誤，也許在考試或任何情況下，這是另一種選擇。
&34;No later than&34; means this is the absolute latest time, so this time or before.
“不遲”意味著這絕對是最遲的時間，所以是在這個時間或之前。
It basically means the same thing as &34;by&34;.
它基本上和&34;by&34;的意思相同。
Okay?
對嗎？
And again, I&39;m still using a finite verb in this case.
而且，在這種情況下，我仍然使用一個限定動詞。
&34;When are you working until?&34;So I&39;m asking: When is the. . . ?
“你什么時候工作？”所以我問：什么時候…？
When are you ending your work? &34;7 at the latest.&34;This is another expression, but be careful with it because some people say: &34;Oh, I&39;m working until 7 at the latest.&34;,&34;Until 7&34; means 7 is the latest, so &34;at the latest&34; becomes redundant.
你什么時候結束工作？“最晚7點。”這是另一種表達，但是要小心，因為有人說：“哦，我最遲工作到7點。”，“到7點”表示7點是最遲的，所以“最遲”就多余了。
If you&39;re going to use this expression, don&39;t use &34;until&34;.
如果你要使用這種表達，不要使用“直到”。
If you&39;re going to use &34;until&34;, don&39;t use this added expression.
如果你要使用“直到”，不要使用這個附加的表達。
And: &34;I&39;ll be there. . .&34;Now, we can go the opposite way.
然后：“我會在那里……”現在，我們可以走相反的道路。
We can talk about earlier: &34;no earlier than&34;.
我們可以較早地談論：“不早于”。
So: &34;no later than&34; means end time;&34;no earlier than&34; means beginning time.
所以：“不遲于”意味著結束時間；“不早于”意味著開始時間。
Do you remember that graph we looked at before when I said &34;by&34; could be an end or a start?
你還記得我們以前說過的“當”是一個結束還是一個開始？
Well, that&39;s where we have this.
好吧，這就是我們所擁有的。
The key to remember is that when we turn it around to use &34;by&34; or &34;until&34;, then we&39;re going to basically go with the opposite verb, like negative or positive.
要記住的關鍵是，當我們把它翻過來用&34;by&34;或&34;until&34;時，我們基本上會用到相反的動詞，比如否定或肯定。
&34;I&39;ll be there no earlier than noon.&34;,&34;I won&39;t be there by noon.&34;,
“我不會在中午之前趕到那里。”,“我中午以前不會到那兒去。”,
&34;I won&39;t be there until noon.&34;So &34;by noon&34; means noon or before I won&39;t show up.
“我中午以前不會在那兒。”所以“到中午”意味著中午或者我還沒露面之前。
&34;I won&39;t be there until noon.&34;At noon I will arrive and continue.
“我中午以前不會到那兒去。”中午我會來繼續。
Okay?
對嗎？
So the &34;won&39;t be&34; will continue until noon.
所以“不會”會持續到中午。
The &34;won&39;t be&34; will continue. . .
“不會”會繼續下去…
Will be from noon or before.
將到中午或之前。
And again, different meaning to the verb &34;be&34;, but you can use: &34;no earlier than&34;, &34;no later than&34;.
再有，對動詞&34;be&34;的含義不同，但你可以使用：“不早于”，“不遲于”。
You can also use these.
你也可以使用這些。
These are basically minimizers and maximizers, this expression.
這些基本上是最小化器和最大化器，這種表達。
&34;No later than&34;, maximum.
“不遲于”，最大。
&34;No earlier than&34;, minimum in terms of time.
“不早于”，在時間上最小。
You can use other expressions, you can use: &34;No sooner than&34;, basically means the same as earlier.
可以使用其他的表達方式，你可以使用：“不遲于”。基本上和前面一樣。
You can say: &34;No more than&34;, means a maximum amount or a maximum number.
你可以說：“不超過”，意思是最大數額或最大數量。
&34;No less than&34; or &34;no fewer than&34; means a minimum.
“不少于”或“不少于”表示最小值。
So, these are good to have for time, but just so you understand, they&39;re applicable to basically everything;numbers, quantities, time, situations, etc. So,
所以，這些對于時間是很好，但你可以理解，它們基本上適用于所有事物；數目、數量、時間、情況等等。所以，
I hope that all of this helped you understand how to use &34;by&34;,&34;until&34;,&34;by the time&34;, and &34;no later than&34;.
我希望所有這些能幫助你理解如何使用“到”，“直到”“到時候”和 “不遲于”。
I hope you enjoyed this lesson.
我希望你喜歡這一課。
Please subscribe to my YouTube channel if you did.
如果你愿意的話請訂閱我的YouTube頻道。
If you have any questions, please go to www. engvid. com, join the forum and ask me the questions you have.
如果你有任何問題，請到engvid網站，加入論壇有什么問題可以問我。
I&39;ll be happy to try to answer them.
我很樂意回答。
There&39;s also. . .
還有…
There&39;s also a quiz at www. engvid. com. Take the quiz, make sure you understand which one of these expressions to use based on the context.
還有一個在www. engvid.com的問答游戲。參加測驗，請確保理解基于上下文的用的這些表達中的哪一個。
And, of course, come back again soon, see us again, we&39;ll have more great lessons for you, and I&39;ll see ya then.
當然，我們很快又會回來，再見，我們會為你們帶來更好的課程，到時候見。
Bye.
拜。
陳俊明